Predicting stock prices using Deep Learning LSTM model in Python

Blog, Case Studies-Python, Deep Learning / 35 Comments / By Farukh Hashmi

Long Short Term Memory(LSTM) is a special type of Recurrent Neural Network(RNN) which can retain important information over time using memory cells.

This property of LSTMs makes it a wonderful algorithm to learn sequences that are interdependent and can help to build solutions like language translation, sales time series, chatbots, autocorrections, next word suggestions, etc.

You can read more about LSTMs here.

In this case study, I will show how LSTMs can be used to learn the patterns in the stock prices. Using this template you will be able to predict tomorrow’s price of a stock based on the last 10 days prices.

Pulling historical stock prices data

To pull the data for any stock we can use a library named ‘nsepy‘

If you want to do this for any other stock, just use the stock market ticker symbol for that company like I have used ‘INFY’ for Infosys here.

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# To remove the scientific notation from numpy arrays
np.set_printoptions(suppress=True)

# install the nsepy library to get stock prices
!pip install nsepy

############################################
# Getting Stock data using nsepy library
from nsepy import get_history
from datetime import datetime

startDate=datetime(2019, 1,1)
endDate=datetime(2020, 10, 5)

# Fetching the data
StockData=get_history(symbol='INFY', start=startDate, end=endDate)
print(StockData.shape)
StockData.head()

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

# To remove the scientific notation from numpy arrays

np.set_printoptions(suppress=True)

# install the nsepy library to get stock prices

!pip install nsepy

############################################

# Getting Stock data using nsepy library

from nsepy import get_history

from datetime import datetime

startDate=datetime(2019, 1,1)

endDate=datetime(2020, 10, 5)

# Fetching the data

StockData=get_history(symbol='INFY', start=startDate, end=endDate)

print(StockData.shape)

StockData.head()

Visualizing the stock prices movement

# Creating a column as date
StockData['TradeDate']=StockData.index

# Plotting the stock prices
%matplotlib inline
StockData.plot(x='TradeDate', y='Close', kind='line', figsize=(20,6), rot=20)

# Creating a column as date

StockData['TradeDate']=StockData.index

# Plotting the stock prices

%matplotlib inline

StockData.plot(x='TradeDate', y='Close', kind='line', figsize=(20,6), rot=20)

Stock prices of Infosys for last two years to be used in training of LSTM model

Preparing the data

The LSTM model will need data input in the form of X Vs y. Where the X will represent the last 10 day’s prices and y will represent the 11th-day price.

By looking at a lot of such examples from the past 2 years, the LSTM will be able to learn the movement of prices. Hence, when we pass the last 10 days of the price it will be able to predict tomorrow’s stock close price.

Since LSTM is a Neural network-based algorithm, standardizing or normalizing the data is mandatory for a fast and more accurate fit.

# Extracting the closing prices of each day
FullData=StockData[['Close']].values
print(FullData[0:5])

# Feature Scaling for fast training of neural networks
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler

# Choosing between Standardization or normalization
#sc = StandardScaler()
sc=MinMaxScaler()

DataScaler = sc.fit(FullData)
X=DataScaler.transform(FullData)
#X=FullData

print('### After Normalization ###')
X[0:5]

# Extracting the closing prices of each day

FullData=StockData[['Close']].values

print(FullData[0:5])

# Feature Scaling for fast training of neural networks

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler

# Choosing between Standardization or normalization

#sc = StandardScaler()

sc=MinMaxScaler()

DataScaler = sc.fit(FullData)

X=DataScaler.transform(FullData)

#X=FullData

print('### After Normalization ###')

X[0:5]

Preparing the data for LSTM

# split into samples
X_samples = list()
y_samples = list()

NumerOfRows = len(X)
TimeSteps=10  # next day's Price Prediction is based on last how many past day's prices

# Iterate thru the values to create combinations
for i in range(TimeSteps , NumerOfRows , 1):
    x_sample = X[i-TimeSteps:i]
    y_sample = X[i]
    X_samples.append(x_sample)
    y_samples.append(y_sample)

################################################
# Reshape the Input as a 3D (number of samples, Time Steps, Features)
X_data=np.array(X_samples)
X_data=X_data.reshape(X_data.shape[0],X_data.shape[1], 1)
print('\n#### Input Data shape ####')
print(X_data.shape)

# We do not reshape y as a 3D data  as it is supposed to be a single column only
y_data=np.array(y_samples)
y_data=y_data.reshape(y_data.shape[0], 1)
print('\n#### Output Data shape ####')
print(y_data.shape)

# split into samples

X_samples = list()

y_samples = list()

NumerOfRows = len(X)

TimeSteps=10 # next day's Price Prediction is based on last how many past day's prices

# Iterate thru the values to create combinations

for i in range(TimeSteps , NumerOfRows , 1):

x_sample = X[i-TimeSteps:i]

y_sample = X[i]

X_samples.append(x_sample)

y_samples.append(y_sample)

################################################

# Reshape the Input as a 3D (number of samples, Time Steps, Features)

X_data=np.array(X_samples)

X_data=X_data.reshape(X_data.shape[0],X_data.shape[1], 1)

print('\n#### Input Data shape ####')

print(X_data.shape)

# We do not reshape y as a 3D data as it is supposed to be a single column only

y_data=np.array(y_samples)

y_data=y_data.reshape(y_data.shape[0], 1)

print('\n#### Output Data shape ####')

print(y_data.shape)

Splitting the data into training and testing

Keeping last few days of data to test the learnings of the model and rest for training the model.

Here I am choosing Last 5 days as testing.

# Choosing the number of testing data records
TestingRecords=5

# Splitting the data into train and test
X_train=X_data[:-TestingRecords]
X_test=X_data[-TestingRecords:]
y_train=y_data[:-TestingRecords]
y_test=y_data[-TestingRecords:]

############################################

# Printing the shape of training and testing
print('\n#### Training Data shape ####')
print(X_train.shape)
print(y_train.shape)
print('\n#### Testing Data shape ####')
print(X_test.shape)
print(y_test.shape)

# Choosing the number of testing data records

TestingRecords=5

# Splitting the data into train and test

X_train=X_data[:-TestingRecords]

X_test=X_data[-TestingRecords:]

y_train=y_data[:-TestingRecords]

y_test=y_data[-TestingRecords:]

############################################

# Printing the shape of training and testing

print('\n#### Training Data shape ####')

print(X_train.shape)

print(y_train.shape)

print('\n#### Testing Data shape ####')

print(X_test.shape)

print(y_test.shape)

Splitting the data into training and testing for LSTM

Visualizing the input and output data for LSTM

Printing some sample input and output values to help you visualize how the LSTM model will learn the prices.

You can see the input is a 3D array of the last 10 prices and the output is a 1D array of the next price.

# Visualizing the input and output being sent to the LSTM model
for inp, out in zip(X_train[0:2], y_train[0:2]):
    print(inp,'--', out)

# Visualizing the input and output being sent to the LSTM model

for inp, out in zip(X_train[0:2], y_train[0:2]):

print(inp,'--', out)

Creating the Deep Learning LSTM model

Look at the use of the LSTM function instead of Dense to define the hidden layers. The output layer has one neuron as we are predicting the next day price, if you want to predict for multiple days, then change the input data and neurons equal to the number of days of forecast.

# Defining Input shapes for LSTM
TimeSteps=X_train.shape[1]
TotalFeatures=X_train.shape[2]
print("Number of TimeSteps:", TimeSteps)
print("Number of Features:", TotalFeatures)

# Defining Input shapes for LSTM

TimeSteps=X_train.shape[1]

TotalFeatures=X_train.shape[2]

print("Number of TimeSteps:", TimeSteps)

print("Number of Features:", TotalFeatures)

In the below code snippet I have used three hidden LSTM layers and one output layer. You can choose more layers if you don’t get accuracy for your data. Similarly you can increase or decrease the number of neurons in the hidden layer.

Just keep in mind, the more neurons and layers you use, the slower the model becomes. Because now there are many more computations to be done.

Each layer has some hyperparameters which needs to be tuned.

Take a look at some of the important hyperparameters of LSTM below

units=10: This means we are creating a layer with ten neurons in it. Each of these five neurons will be receiving the values of inputs.
input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures): The input expected by LSTM is in 3D format. Our training data has a shape of (420, 10, 1) this is in the form of (number of samples, time steps, number of features). This means we have 420 examples to learn in training data, each example looks back 10-steps in time like what was the stock price yesterday, the day before yesterday so on till last 10 days. This is known as Time steps. The last number ‘1’ represents the number of features. Here we are using just one column ‘Closing Stock Price’ hence its equal to ‘1’
kernel_initializer=’uniform’: When the Neurons start their computation, some algorithm has to decide the value for each weight. This parameter specifies that. You can choose different values for it like ‘normal’ or ‘glorot_uniform’.
activation=’relu’: This specifies the activation function for the calculations inside each neuron. You can choose values like ‘relu’, ‘tanh’, ‘sigmoid’, etc.
return_sequences=True: LSTMs backpropagate thru time, hence they return the values of the output from each time step to the next hidden layer. This keeps the expected input of the next hidden layer in the 3D format. This parameter is False for the last hidden layer because now it does not have to return a 3D output to the final Dense layer.
optimizer=’adam’: This parameter helps to find the optimum values of each weight in the neural network. ‘adam’ is one of the most useful optimizers, another one is ‘rmsprop’
batch_size=10: This specifies how many rows will be passed to the Network in one go after which the SSE calculation will begin and the neural network will start adjusting its weights based on the errors.
When all the rows are passed in the batches of 10 rows each as specified in this parameter, then we call that 1-epoch. Or one full data cycle. This is also known as mini-batch gradient descent. A small value of batch_size will make the LSTM look at the data slowly, like 2 rows at a time or 4 rows at a time which could lead to overfitting, as compared to a large value like 20 or 50 rows at a time, which will make the LSTM look at the data fast which could lead to underfitting. Hence a proper value must be chosen using hyperparameter tuning.
Epochs=10: The same activity of adjusting weights continues for 10 times, as specified by this parameter. In simple terms, the LSTM looks at the full training data 10 times and adjusts its weights.

# Importing the Keras libraries and packages
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.layers import LSTM

# Initialising the RNN
regressor = Sequential()

# Adding the First input hidden layer and the LSTM layer
# return_sequences = True, means the output of every time step to be shared with hidden next layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units = 10, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))

# Adding the Second Second hidden layer and the LSTM layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))

# Adding the Second Third hidden layer and the LSTM layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', return_sequences=False ))


# Adding the output layer
regressor.add(Dense(units = 1))

# Compiling the RNN
regressor.compile(optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'mean_squared_error')

##################################################

import time
# Measuring the time taken by the model to train
StartTime=time.time()

# Fitting the RNN to the Training set
regressor.fit(X_train, y_train, batch_size = 5, epochs = 100)

EndTime=time.time()
print("## Total Time Taken: ", round((EndTime-StartTime)/60), 'Minutes ##')

# Importing the Keras libraries and packages

from keras.models import Sequential

from keras.layers import Dense

from keras.layers import LSTM

# Initialising the RNN

regressor = Sequential()

# Adding the First input hidden layer and the LSTM layer

# return_sequences = True, means the output of every time step to be shared with hidden next layer

regressor.add(LSTM(units = 10, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))

# Adding the Second Second hidden layer and the LSTM layer

regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))

# Adding the Second Third hidden layer and the LSTM layer

regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', return_sequences=False ))

# Adding the output layer

regressor.add(Dense(units = 1))

# Compiling the RNN

regressor.compile(optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'mean_squared_error')

##################################################

import time

# Measuring the time taken by the model to train

StartTime=time.time()

# Fitting the RNN to the Training set

regressor.fit(X_train, y_train, batch_size = 5, epochs = 100)

EndTime=time.time()

print("## Total Time Taken: ", round((EndTime-StartTime)/60), 'Minutes ##')

Training LSTM model on stock prices data

Measuring the accuracy of the model on testing data

Now using the trained model, we are checking if the predicted prices for the last 5 days are close to the actual prices or not.

Notice the inverse transform of the predictions. Since we normalized the data before the model training, the predictions on testing data will also be normalized, hence the inverse transformation will bring the values to the original scale. Then only we must calculate the percentage accuracy.

# Making predictions on test data
predicted_Price = regressor.predict(X_test)
predicted_Price = DataScaler.inverse_transform(predicted_Price)

# Getting the original price values for testing data
orig=y_test
orig=DataScaler.inverse_transform(y_test)

# Accuracy of the predictions
print('Accuracy:', 100 - (100*(abs(orig-predicted_Price)/orig)).mean())

# Visualising the results
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot(predicted_Price, color = 'blue', label = 'Predicted Volume')
plt.plot(orig, color = 'lightblue', label = 'Original Volume')

plt.title('Stock Price Predictions')
plt.xlabel('Trading Date')
plt.xticks(range(TestingRecords), StockData.tail(TestingRecords)['TradeDate'])
plt.ylabel('Stock Price')

plt.legend()
fig=plt.gcf()
fig.set_figwidth(20)
fig.set_figheight(6)
plt.show()

# Making predictions on test data

predicted_Price = regressor.predict(X_test)

predicted_Price = DataScaler.inverse_transform(predicted_Price)

# Getting the original price values for testing data

orig=y_test

orig=DataScaler.inverse_transform(y_test)

# Accuracy of the predictions

print('Accuracy:', 100 - (100*(abs(orig-predicted_Price)/orig)).mean())

# Visualising the results

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot(predicted_Price, color = 'blue', label = 'Predicted Volume')

plt.plot(orig, color = 'lightblue', label = 'Original Volume')

plt.title('Stock Price Predictions')

plt.xlabel('Trading Date')

plt.xticks(range(TestingRecords), StockData.tail(TestingRecords)['TradeDate'])

plt.ylabel('Stock Price')

plt.legend()

fig=plt.gcf()

fig.set_figwidth(20)

fig.set_figheight(6)

plt.show()

Measuring the accuracy of LSTM model on testing data

Visualizing the predictions for full data

Plotting the training and testing data both to see how good the LSTM model has fitted.

# Generating predictions on full data
TrainPredictions=DataScaler.inverse_transform(regressor.predict(X_train))
TestPredictions=DataScaler.inverse_transform(regressor.predict(X_test))

FullDataPredictions=np.append(TrainPredictions, TestPredictions)
FullDataOrig=FullData[TimeSteps:]

# plotting the full data
plt.plot(FullDataPredictions, color = 'blue', label = 'Predicted Price')
plt.plot(FullDataOrig , color = 'lightblue', label = 'Original Price')


plt.title('Stock Price Predictions')
plt.xlabel('Trading Date')
plt.ylabel('Stock Price')
plt.legend()
fig=plt.gcf()
fig.set_figwidth(20)
fig.set_figheight(8)
plt.show()

# Generating predictions on full data

TrainPredictions=DataScaler.inverse_transform(regressor.predict(X_train))

TestPredictions=DataScaler.inverse_transform(regressor.predict(X_test))

FullDataPredictions=np.append(TrainPredictions, TestPredictions)

FullDataOrig=FullData[TimeSteps:]

# plotting the full data

plt.plot(FullDataPredictions, color = 'blue', label = 'Predicted Price')

plt.plot(FullDataOrig , color = 'lightblue', label = 'Original Price')

plt.title('Stock Price Predictions')

plt.xlabel('Trading Date')

plt.ylabel('Stock Price')

plt.legend()

fig=plt.gcf()

fig.set_figwidth(20)

fig.set_figheight(8)

plt.show()

How to predict the stock price for tomorrow

If you want to predict the price for tomorrow, all you have to do is to pass the last 10 day’s prices to the model in 3D format as it was used in the training.

The below snippet shows you how to take the last 10 prices manually and do a single prediction for the next price.

# Last 10 days prices
Last10Days=np.array([1002.15, 1009.9, 1007.5, 1019.75, 975.4,
            1011.45, 1010.4, 1009,1008.25, 1017.65])

# Normalizing the data just like we did for training the model
Last10Days=DataScaler.transform(Last10Days.reshape(-1,1))

# Changing the shape of the data to 3D
# Choosing TimeSteps as 10 because we have used the same for training
NumSamples=1
TimeSteps=10
NumFeatures=1
Last10Days=Last10Days.reshape(NumSamples,TimeSteps,NumFeatures)

#############################

# Making predictions on data
predicted_Price = regressor.predict(Last10Days)
predicted_Price = DataScaler.inverse_transform(predicted_Price)
predicted_Price

# Last 10 days prices

Last10Days=np.array([1002.15, 1009.9, 1007.5, 1019.75, 975.4,

1011.45, 1010.4, 1009,1008.25, 1017.65])

# Normalizing the data just like we did for training the model

Last10Days=DataScaler.transform(Last10Days.reshape(-1,1))

# Changing the shape of the data to 3D

# Choosing TimeSteps as 10 because we have used the same for training

NumSamples=1

TimeSteps=10

NumFeatures=1

Last10Days=Last10Days.reshape(NumSamples,TimeSteps,NumFeatures)

#############################

# Making predictions on data

predicted_Price = regressor.predict(Last10Days)

predicted_Price = DataScaler.inverse_transform(predicted_Price)

predicted_Price

I have used the actual prices from the stock market till last friday in the above snippet!

So we see the model predicts the next closing price of Infosys fo today(5th-Oct-2020) is Rs 1023! I checked and found the closing price for the day was Rs 1048! not bad for such little effort! 🙂

What If I want to predict prices for the next 5 days?

The model which we have built above uses the last 10 days prices and predicts the next day’s price because we have trained our model with many past examples of the same granularity as shown below

last 10 days prices–> 11th day price

Now if we want to predict the next 5 days or next 20 days prices, then we need to train the model with similar examples from the past like shown below

last 10 days prices–> Next 5 days prices

This is also known as Multi-Step time series prediction, where we predict multiple time steps ahead.

To achieve this, it will require small modifications in the data preparation step and in the LSTM model both.

However, keep in mind, the further you predict, the lesser accurate you might be, because stock prices are volatile and no one can know what is going to happen after 10 days! What kind of news will come? which might affect the prices of this stock!

Hence, it is recommended to predict for as less time steps as possible, for example next 2 days or next 5 days at max.

Data Preparation for Multi Step LSTM

I am showing how to prepare the data for predicting next 5 days. The same code can be easily modified to predict next 10 days or 20 days as well.

# Considering the Full Data again which we extracted above
# Printing the last 10 values
print('Original Prices')
print(FullData[-10:])

print('###################')

# Printing last 10 values of the scaled data which we have created above for the last model
# Here I am changing the shape of the data to one dimensional array because
# for Multi step data preparation we need to X input in this fashion
X=X.reshape(X.shape[0],)
print('Scaled Prices')
print(X[-10:])

# Considering the Full Data again which we extracted above

# Printing the last 10 values

print('Original Prices')

print(FullData[-10:])

print('###################')

# Printing last 10 values of the scaled data which we have created above for the last model

# Here I am changing the shape of the data to one dimensional array because

# for Multi step data preparation we need to X input in this fashion

X=X.reshape(X.shape[0],)

print('Scaled Prices')

print(X[-10:])

Sample data for LSTM multi step stock prices prediction

I have modified the data split logic from the last model to produce the input–>output pairs by defining FutureTimeSteps=5. This determines we want to predict the next 5 days’ prices based on the last 10 days.

# Multi step data preparation

# split into samples
X_samples = list()
y_samples = list()

NumerOfRows = len(X)
TimeSteps=10  # next few day's Price Prediction is based on last how many past day's prices
FutureTimeSteps=5 # How many days in future you want to predict the prices

# Iterate thru the values to create combinations
for i in range(TimeSteps , NumerOfRows-FutureTimeSteps , 1):
    x_sample = X[i-TimeSteps:i]
    y_sample = X[i:i+FutureTimeSteps]
    X_samples.append(x_sample)
    y_samples.append(y_sample)

################################################

# Reshape the Input as a 3D (samples, Time Steps, Features)
X_data=np.array(X_samples)
X_data=X_data.reshape(X_data.shape[0],X_data.shape[1], 1)
print('### Input Data Shape ###') 
print(X_data.shape)

# We do not reshape y as a 3D data  as it is supposed to be a single column only
y_data=np.array(y_samples)
print('### Output Data Shape ###') 
print(y_data.shape)

# Multi step data preparation

# split into samples

X_samples = list()

y_samples = list()

NumerOfRows = len(X)

TimeSteps=10 # next few day's Price Prediction is based on last how many past day's prices

FutureTimeSteps=5 # How many days in future you want to predict the prices

# Iterate thru the values to create combinations

for i in range(TimeSteps , NumerOfRows-FutureTimeSteps , 1):

x_sample = X[i-TimeSteps:i]

y_sample = X[i:i+FutureTimeSteps]

X_samples.append(x_sample)

y_samples.append(y_sample)

################################################

# Reshape the Input as a 3D (samples, Time Steps, Features)

X_data=np.array(X_samples)

X_data=X_data.reshape(X_data.shape[0],X_data.shape[1], 1)

print('### Input Data Shape ###')

print(X_data.shape)

# We do not reshape y as a 3D data as it is supposed to be a single column only

y_data=np.array(y_samples)

print('### Output Data Shape ###')

print(y_data.shape)

Input/output shape for LSTM multi step model

Splitting the data into Training and Testing

# Choosing the number of testing data records
TestingRecords=5

# Splitting the data into train and test
X_train=X_data[:-TestingRecords]
X_test=X_data[-TestingRecords:]
y_train=y_data[:-TestingRecords]
y_test=y_data[-TestingRecords:]

#############################################
# Printing the shape of training and testing
print('\n#### Training Data shape ####')
print(X_train.shape)
print(y_train.shape)

print('\n#### Testing Data shape ####')
print(X_test.shape)
print(y_test.shape)

# Choosing the number of testing data records

TestingRecords=5

# Splitting the data into train and test

X_train=X_data[:-TestingRecords]

X_test=X_data[-TestingRecords:]

y_train=y_data[:-TestingRecords]

y_test=y_data[-TestingRecords:]

#############################################

# Printing the shape of training and testing

print('\n#### Training Data shape ####')

print(X_train.shape)

print(y_train.shape)

print('\n#### Testing Data shape ####')

print(X_test.shape)

print(y_test.shape)

Training and Testing Data shape for Multi step LSTM model

Visualizing the input->output sent to LSTM Multi-step model

Printing some records of input and output always helps to understand the process in a LSTM model.

You can see here the input is a 3D array of the last 10 days’ prices and the output is an array of the next 5 days’ prices.

# Visualizing the input and output being sent to the LSTM model
# Based on last 10 days prices we are learning the next 5 days of prices
for inp, out in zip(X_train[0:2], y_train[0:2]):
    print(inp)
    print('====>')
    print(out)
    print('#'*20)

# Visualizing the input and output being sent to the LSTM model

# Based on last 10 days prices we are learning the next 5 days of prices

for inp, out in zip(X_train[0:2], y_train[0:2]):

print(inp)

print('====>')

print(out)

print('#'*20)

Input vs output model for Multi step LSTM model

Creating the Deep Learning Multi-Step LSTM model

I am using the same configurations as used in the last model. The change is done at the Dense layer. Now the dense layer outputs the number of values equal to the FutureTimeSteps. Which is 5 in this case since we want to predict the next 5 days.

You can change this to 10 to 20 if you want to predict for more days, but you need to prepare the data in the same manner before running this code.

# Defining Input shapes for LSTM
TimeSteps=X_train.shape[1]
TotalFeatures=X_train.shape[2]
print("Number of TimeSteps:", TimeSteps)
print("Number of Features:", TotalFeatures)

# Defining Input shapes for LSTM

TimeSteps=X_train.shape[1]

TotalFeatures=X_train.shape[2]

print("Number of TimeSteps:", TimeSteps)

print("Number of Features:", TotalFeatures)

# Importing the Keras libraries and packages
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.layers import LSTM

# Initialising the RNN
regressor = Sequential()

# Adding the First input hidden layer and the LSTM layer
# return_sequences = True, means the output of every time step to be shared with hidden next layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units = 10, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))


# Adding the Second hidden layer and the LSTM layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))

# Adding the Third hidden layer and the LSTM layer
regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', return_sequences=False ))


# Adding the output layer
# Notice the number of neurons in the dense layer is now the number of future time steps 
# Based on the number of future days we want to predict
regressor.add(Dense(units = FutureTimeSteps))

# Compiling the RNN
regressor.compile(optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'mean_squared_error')

###################################################################

import time
# Measuring the time taken by the model to train
StartTime=time.time()

# Fitting the RNN to the Training set
regressor.fit(X_train, y_train, batch_size = 5, epochs = 100)

EndTime=time.time()
print("############### Total Time Taken: ", round((EndTime-StartTime)/60), 'Minutes #############')

# Importing the Keras libraries and packages

from keras.models import Sequential

from keras.layers import Dense

from keras.layers import LSTM

# Initialising the RNN

regressor = Sequential()

# Adding the First input hidden layer and the LSTM layer

# return_sequences = True, means the output of every time step to be shared with hidden next layer

regressor.add(LSTM(units = 10, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))

# Adding the Second hidden layer and the LSTM layer

regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', input_shape = (TimeSteps, TotalFeatures), return_sequences=True))

# Adding the Third hidden layer and the LSTM layer

regressor.add(LSTM(units = 5, activation = 'relu', return_sequences=False ))

# Adding the output layer

# Notice the number of neurons in the dense layer is now the number of future time steps

# Based on the number of future days we want to predict

regressor.add(Dense(units = FutureTimeSteps))

# Compiling the RNN

regressor.compile(optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'mean_squared_error')

###################################################################

import time

# Measuring the time taken by the model to train

StartTime=time.time()

# Fitting the RNN to the Training set

regressor.fit(X_train, y_train, batch_size = 5, epochs = 100)

EndTime=time.time()

print("############### Total Time Taken: ", round((EndTime-StartTime)/60), 'Minutes #############')

Measuring the Accuracy of the model on testing data

Since this is Multi step model trained to predict next 5 days. Each prediction will generate 5 days’ prices which we can match with the original prices.

We will compare them one row at a time.

# Making predictions on test data
predicted_Price = regressor.predict(X_test)
predicted_Price = DataScaler.inverse_transform(predicted_Price)
print('#### Predicted Prices ####')
print(predicted_Price)

# Getting the original price values for testing data
orig=y_test
orig=DataScaler.inverse_transform(y_test)
print('\n#### Original Prices ####')
print(orig)

# Making predictions on test data

predicted_Price = regressor.predict(X_test)

predicted_Price = DataScaler.inverse_transform(predicted_Price)

print('#### Predicted Prices ####')

print(predicted_Price)

# Getting the original price values for testing data

orig=y_test

orig=DataScaler.inverse_transform(y_test)

print('\n#### Original Prices ####')

print(orig)

Original and Predicted prices in LSTM Multi Step model

Each row represents the original prices and the predicted prices.

We will compare one row at a time. Using a simple for-loop, each row of original values are compared with the predicted values

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

for i in range(len(orig)):
    Prediction=predicted_Price[i]
    Original=orig[i]
    
    # Visualising the results
    plt.plot(Prediction, color = 'blue', label = 'Predicted Volume')
    plt.plot(Original, color = 'lightblue', label = 'Original Volume')

    plt.title('### Accuracy of the predictions:'+ str(100 - (100*(abs(Original-Prediction)/Original)).mean().round(2))+'% ###')
    plt.xlabel('Trading Date')
    
    startDateIndex=(FutureTimeSteps*TestingRecords)-FutureTimeSteps*(i+1)
    endDateIndex=(FutureTimeSteps*TestingRecords)-FutureTimeSteps*(i+1) + FutureTimeSteps
    TotalRows=StockData.shape[0]

    plt.xticks(range(FutureTimeSteps), StockData.iloc[TotalRows-endDateIndex : TotalRows-(startDateIndex) , :]['TradeDate'])
    plt.ylabel('Stock Price')

    plt.legend()
    fig=plt.gcf()
    fig.set_figwidth(20)
    fig.set_figheight(3)
    plt.show()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

for i in range(len(orig)):

Prediction=predicted_Price[i]

Original=orig[i]

# Visualising the results

plt.plot(Prediction, color = 'blue', label = 'Predicted Volume')

plt.plot(Original, color = 'lightblue', label = 'Original Volume')

plt.title('### Accuracy of the predictions:'+ str(100 - (100*(abs(Original-Prediction)/Original)).mean().round(2))+'% ###')

plt.xlabel('Trading Date')

startDateIndex=(FutureTimeSteps*TestingRecords)-FutureTimeSteps*(i+1)

endDateIndex=(FutureTimeSteps*TestingRecords)-FutureTimeSteps*(i+1) + FutureTimeSteps

TotalRows=StockData.shape[0]

plt.xticks(range(FutureTimeSteps), StockData.iloc[TotalRows-endDateIndex : TotalRows-(startDateIndex) , :]['TradeDate'])

plt.ylabel('Stock Price')

plt.legend()

fig=plt.gcf()

fig.set_figwidth(20)

fig.set_figheight(3)

plt.show()

Making predictions for the next 5 days

If you want to predict the price for the next 5 days, all you have to do is to pass the last 10 day’s prices to the model in 3D format as it was used in the training.

The below snippet shows you how to pass the last 10 values manually to get the next 5 days’ price predictions.

# Making predictions on test data
Last10DaysPrices=array([1376.2, 1371.75,1387.15,1370.5 ,1344.95, 
                   1312.05, 1316.65, 1339.45, 1339.7 ,1340.85])

# Reshaping the data to (-1,1 )because its a single entry
Last10DaysPrices=Last10DaysPrices.reshape(-1, 1)

# Scaling the data on the same level on which model was trained
X_test=DataScaler.transform(Last10DaysPrices)

NumberofSamples=1
TimeSteps=X_test.shape[0]
NumberofFeatures=X_test.shape[1]
# Reshaping the data as 3D input
X_test=X_test.reshape(NumberofSamples,TimeSteps,NumberofFeatures)

# Generating the predictions for next 5 days
Next5DaysPrice = regressor.predict(X_test)

# Generating the prices in original scale
Next5DaysPrice = DataScaler.inverse_transform(Next5DaysPrice)
Next5DaysPrice

# Making predictions on test data

Last10DaysPrices=array([1376.2, 1371.75,1387.15,1370.5 ,1344.95,

1312.05, 1316.65, 1339.45, 1339.7 ,1340.85])

# Reshaping the data to (-1,1 )because its a single entry

Last10DaysPrices=Last10DaysPrices.reshape(-1, 1)

# Scaling the data on the same level on which model was trained

X_test=DataScaler.transform(Last10DaysPrices)

NumberofSamples=1

TimeSteps=X_test.shape[0]

NumberofFeatures=X_test.shape[1]

# Reshaping the data as 3D input

X_test=X_test.reshape(NumberofSamples,TimeSteps,NumberofFeatures)

# Generating the predictions for next 5 days

Next5DaysPrice = regressor.predict(X_test)

# Generating the prices in original scale

Next5DaysPrice = DataScaler.inverse_transform(Next5DaysPrice)

Next5DaysPrice

Conclusion

This prediction is only short-term. The moment you try to predict for multiple days like the next 30-days or 60 days, this fails miserably. Not because our LSTM model is bad, but, because Stock markets are highly volatile. So, don’t bet your money simply on this model! Do some research and then use this model as a complementary tool for analysis!

I hope you enjoyed reading this post and it helped you clear some of your doubts regarding LSTM models. Consider sharing this post with your friends to help spread the knowledge 🙂

Author Details

Farukh Hashmi

Lead Data Scientist

Farukh is an innovator in solving industry problems using Artificial intelligence. His expertise is backed with 10 years of industry experience. Being a senior data scientist he is responsible for designing the AI/ML solution to provide maximum gains for the clients. As a thought leader, his focus is on solving the key business problems of the CPG Industry. He has worked across different domains like Telecom, Insurance, and Logistics. He has worked with global tech leaders including Infosys, IBM, and Persistent systems. His passion to teach inspired him to create this website!

https://thinkingneuron.com/

thinkingneuron@gmail.com

35 thoughts on “Predicting stock prices using Deep Learning LSTM model in Python”

patickyu
March 18, 2021 at 8:04 am

thank you so much for your code
I just have question. What if i want to predict next 5 days price.
how can I change your code?

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  March 25, 2021 at 3:53 am
  
  I have updated the post for multiple days price predictions!
  
  Reply
  1. Rob
    April 19, 2021 at 9:04 pm
    
    When using the previous 10 days to predict 5 days in the future, does the program use a “sliding window” to make its predictions? In other words, the 11th day knows about the previous 10 days, but does the 12th day know about the prediction made for the 11th day?
    
    Reply
  2. YOngHo Jang
    March 25, 2022 at 4:22 am
    
    Wonderful! Wonderful! Very good! Thank You! I would like to refer to the source code for LSTM and use it in a research paper on stock error correction using lstm. I want to get permission to use it. From Busan in Korea
    Thank you for your permission.
    
    Reply
    1. YongHo Jang
      March 25, 2022 at 4:27 am
      
      sorry! sorry! my mistake
      I would appreciate it if you would allow it.
      
      Reply
      1. Farukh Hashmi
        March 25, 2022 at 5:34 am
        
        Hi YOngHo!
        Thank you for your kind words!
        Yes you can use this code for your research.
        All the best!
        Farukh Hashmi
Nathaniel Kren
April 15, 2021 at 9:43 pm

Thank you kindly for sharing your code! I used your model as a basis for my Capstone project in Computer Science. On that note, when was this post published? I want to properly reference your work in my paper.

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  April 16, 2021 at 4:45 am
  
  Hi Nathaniel
  I am very happy to see that this post helped you in your project. It was published on 5th-Oct-2020. You can reference it with this date.
  
  Reply
Rob
April 19, 2021 at 10:35 pm

Hi,
When predicting the next 5 days based on the previous 10 days, does the program use a sliding window? In other words, the 11th day makes a prediction based on the previous 10 days, but does the 12th day know about the result from the 11th day before it makes its prediction?

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  April 21, 2021 at 12:10 pm
  
  Hi Rob!
  Yes your observation is correct. If you look at the LSTM diagram. You can see that the next time step(12th day) knows what was the prediction for previous time step(11th day). So on and so forth.
  
  Reply
Samus
June 7, 2021 at 4:43 am

I think there is something wrong with that part where you’re predicting prices for the next 5 days.
So you’re using a batch size of 10 to predict a 5 days output.

1st batch:
input: from 9/7/2020 to 9/18/2020
output: from 8/31/2020 to 9/4/2020

2nd batch:
input: from 9/8/2020 to 9/21/2020
output: from 9/7/2020 to 9/11/2020
And so on.
I mean, look at the first batch. Your input is a window from 9/7 to 9/18 to predict prices from 8/31 to 9/4 that would be actually in the past.

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  June 11, 2021 at 1:15 pm
  
  Hi Samus,
  
  The model uses the last 10 days of prices to predict the next 5 days.
  Please print the X_test[-5: ] and y_test[-5: ] to check the last five input and output pairs that are fed to the LSTM model. It will make things clear for you.
  
  Reply
Paddy
September 11, 2021 at 5:12 pm

Hi,
Every time I run the code I get different accuracy %, keeping everything constant.

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  September 13, 2021 at 8:59 am
  
  Hi Paddy,
  
  The Neural network begins by “randomly” initializing the weights for every neuron even if you keep all the parameters the same and even if you use a seed value. Hence, every time you train it, a slightly different accuracy % will be observed. This is expected behavior.
  
  Reply
Pius Appiah
November 4, 2021 at 6:33 am

Thank you for this insightful notebook. It has been of much help to me. I realized this is a univariate model, I want to know if it is possible to upload a multivariate for for us?. Thank you

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  November 10, 2021 at 5:44 pm
  
  Hi Pius!
  
  I am glad to see that this post helped you! Yes, there is a multivariate version possible for LSTM, but I will suggest you to use ANN in such scenarios. I will try to upload a multivariate version for this notebook in the future! Currently, I am busy working on video tutorials of these concepts 🙂
  
  Reply
mengop
November 6, 2021 at 7:53 am

Hi , thank you for sharing this, How to use the combination of trade volumes,Open , High, Low values along with Close, as LSTM input. Instead of single script, can we use the LSTM to check more scripts using single model

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  November 10, 2021 at 5:40 pm
  
  Hi Mengop!
  
  If you are using Open, High, Low prices as predictors, then it really becomes a supervised ML problem, instead of a sequence learning problem.
  Hence use of ANN/XGB etc. would be more sensible.
  
  Reply
Suresh
November 22, 2021 at 8:03 am

I am having problem in running the 5 step forecasting code from the above code giving me ### Input Data Shape ###
(840, 10, 1)
### Output Data Shape ###
(840, 5, 1)

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  November 22, 2021 at 8:38 am
  
  Hi Suresh,
  
  The output data shape does not look correct.
  It should be (840,5). Make sure you don’t convert the output data in 3D shape.
  
  Regards,
  Farukh Hashmi
  
  Reply
Natasha L
November 24, 2021 at 11:19 pm

hi just wondering why it takes a very long time to get the historical data here:
StockData=get_history(symbol=’INFY’, start=startDate, end=endDate)
Thanks

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  November 25, 2021 at 4:10 am
  
  Hi Natasha,
  
  This should ideally take a few seconds only.
  
  Regards
  Farukh Hashmi
  
  Reply
joapen
December 27, 2021 at 3:01 pm

hello,
thank you so much for the detailed description and the details on the post. The tone and details of trivial information is really useful. For instance, the section “How to predict the stock price for tomorrow” is really useful.

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  December 27, 2021 at 3:14 pm
  
  Hi Joa!
  
  Thank you for your kind words!
  
  Regards,
  Farukh Hashmi
  
  Reply
joapen
December 29, 2021 at 12:55 pm

Hello Farukh,
I have a question about the epochs. For instance, the use of epochs=100 seems to produce a more accurate model than the one with epochs=10.

How would be the behavior if we set epcohs=200 or 1000?

Overfitting? no real improvement?

many thanks in advance

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  January 2, 2022 at 10:34 am
  
  Hi Joa,
  You are correct in observing that higher epoch produces more accurate model. But, there is a sweet spot value of epoch for every data which we need to find by trying out multiple values of epoch under the hyperparameter tuning step. Let’s say in this data you tried epoch=500 and it gave 90% accuracy as compared to epoch=10 which produced 60% accuracy. So you will try epoch= 600 which may give you 91% accuracy. The change in accuracy will hit a saturation level. That is the point we need to find. Because if you keep increasing the epochs, the test accuracy will start decreasing… That’s when you know it is overfitting.
  Hope that helps!
  
  Reply
  1. joapen
    January 3, 2022 at 9:39 pm
    
    Many thanks Farukh, yes, it helps too much!
    
    Reply
  2. Sarah
    January 5, 2022 at 11:02 am
    
    Also normalizing the whole datasets leads to data leakage from test set, hence results are not valid.
    
    Reply
    1. Farukh Hashmi
      January 22, 2022 at 11:00 am
      
      Hi Sarah,
      
      Thank you for pointing this out! I generally use a third piece called validation set kept totally away from training and testing. On that data, the normalization is done using the normalization fit object of train data. I have not shown that concept in this case study.
      
      Regards,
      Farukh Hashmi
      
      Reply
Tony
January 4, 2022 at 7:03 pm

Hi,
I think, normalization should be applied after splitting (fit_transform to train, and fit to test), otherwise your model i gaining information from the test sample, which should’nt do.

Regards,

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  January 22, 2022 at 10:57 am
  
  Hi Tony,
  
  I think you are pointing towards the validation data. Yes, you can keep some data separate apart from Train and test, and use the fit object from model training to normalize it while generating predictions for it. In this case study, I have not shown this part. Thank you for pointing 🙂
  
  Regards,
  Farukh Hashmi
  
  Reply
Magnus Christensen
March 12, 2022 at 11:01 am

Hi,

Great example!
How would you alter this code for a dataset with more than one variable (more features)?

Thank you in advance!

Reply
Magnus
March 13, 2022 at 3:32 pm

Hi,

Great working example! How would this code be altered to fit a multivariate dataset?

Thanks in advance!

Reply
wilson gomes
September 16, 2022 at 2:19 pm

good job man.Hugs from Brazil

Reply
1. Farukh Hashmi
  September 16, 2022 at 2:34 pm
  
  Thank you for the kind words!
  
  Cheers!
  Farukh Hashmi
  
  Reply

Pulling historical stock prices data

Visualizing the stock prices movement

Preparing the data

Preparing the data for LSTM

Splitting the data into training and testing

Visualizing the input and output data for LSTM

Creating the Deep Learning LSTM model

Measuring the accuracy of the model on testing data

Visualizing the predictions for full data

How to predict the stock price for tomorrow

What If I want to predict prices for the next 5 days?

Data Preparation for Multi Step LSTM

Splitting the data into Training and Testing

Visualizing the input->output sent to LSTM Multi-step model

Creating the Deep Learning Multi-Step LSTM model

Measuring the Accuracy of the model on testing data

Making predictions for the next 5 days

Conclusion

35 thoughts on “Predicting stock prices using Deep Learning LSTM model in Python”

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